Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among front-line healthcare workers in Northeast Brazil: a respondent-driven sampling approach.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages and occurrence of biological accidents among front-line healthcare workers (HCW). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Using respondent-driven sampling, the study recruited distinct categories of HCW attending suspected or confirmed patients with COVID-19 from May 2020 to February 2021, in the Recife metropolitan area, Northeast Brazil. OUTCOME MEASURES: The criterion to assess SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCW was a positive self-reported PCR test. RESULTS: We analysed 1525 HCW: 527 physicians, 471 registered nurses, 263 nursing assistants and 264 physical therapists. Women predominated in all categories (81.1%; 95% CI: 77.8% to 84.1%). Nurses were older with more comorbidities (hypertension and overweight/obesity) than the other staff. The overall prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 61.8% (95% CI: 55.7% to 67.5%) after adjustment for the cluster random effect, weighted by network, and the reference population size. Risk factors for a positive RT-PCR test were being a nursing assistant (OR adjusted: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.42 to 4.61), not always using all recommended PPE while assisting patients with COVID-19 (OR adj: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.02 to 4.53) and reporting a splash of biological fluid/respiratory secretion in the eyes (OR adj: 3.37; 95% CI: 1.10 to 10.34). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the high frequency of SARS-CoV2 infection among HCW presumably due to workplace exposures. In our setting, nursing assistant comprised the most vulnerable category. Our findings highlight the need for improving healthcare facility environments, specific training and supervision to cope with public health emergencies.

Effectiveness of screening for tuberculosis in HIV: a pragmatic clinical trial

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To verify the effectiveness of screening for tuberculosis (TB) on all-cause mortality and tuberculosis cases in newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients through a clinical algorithm based on recommendations of the World Health Organization. METHODS: From March 2014 to April 2016, a pragmatic randomized clinical trial was conducted with newly diagnosed and TB-free HIV-infected adults undergoing antiretroviral therapy for up to one month at a major tertiary hospital for HIV in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Participants were randomized into intervention and control groups using an automatically-generated random list, and followed-up for at least 6 months. The intervention group was screened for TB at hospital admission and at every follow-up visit through a series of questions addressing TB-related symptoms (cough, fever, night sweating, and weight loss). Patients presenting with any of these symptoms were referred to a pulmonologist and underwent sputum smear microscopy, sputum culture, and rapid molecular testing (GeneXpert). When at least one test result came back positive, TB treatment was initiated. In turn, if patients tested negative but presented with severe clinal symptoms, TB preventive treatment was initiated. Screening for TB was not performed systematically in the control group. The primary outcome assessed in this study was death from all causes, and secondary outcomes included sensitivity and specificity of this screening test, as well as its detection time. RESULTS: This study evaluated 581 patients, 377 in the intervention group (64.9%) and 204 in the control group (35.1%). In total, 36 patients died during the follow-up period. Of these, 26 (6.9%) were from the intervention group, reaching a cumulative mortality coefficient of 69 per 1,000 inhabitants, and 10 (4.9%) from the control group (p = 0.341), with a cumulative mortality coefficient of 49 per 1,000 inhabitants (p = 0.341).

Developing Feasible, Locally Appropriate Socioeconomic Support for TB-Affected Households in Nepal.

Tuberculosis (TB), the leading single infectious diseases killer globally, is driven by poverty. Conversely, having TB worsens impoverishment. During TB illness, lost income and out-of-pocket costs can become "catastrophic", leading patients to abandon treatment, develop drug-resistance, and die. WHO's 2015 End TB Strategy recommends eliminating catastrophic costs and providing socioeconomic support for TB-affected people. However, there is negligible evidence to guide the design and implementation of such socioeconomic support, especially in low-income, TB-endemic countries. A national, multi-sectoral workshop was held in Kathmandu, Nepal, on the 11th and 12th September 2019, to develop a shortlist of feasible, locally appropriate socioeconomic support interventions for TB-affected households in Nepal, a low-income country with significant TB burden. The workshop brought together key stakeholders in Nepal including from the Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Health Services, Provincial Health Directorate, Health Offices, National TB Program (NTP); and TB/Leprosy Officers, healthcare workers, community health volunteers, TB-affected people, and external development partners (EDP). During the workshop, participants reviewed current Nepal NTP data and strategy, discussed the preliminary results of a mixed-methods study of the socioeconomic determinants and consequences of TB in Nepal, described existing and potential socioeconomic interventions for TB-affected households in Nepal, and selected the most promising interventions for future randomized controlled trial evaluations in Nepal. This report describes the activities, outcomes, and recommendations from the workshop.

Systematic review of societal and health system cost of dengue in Latin America

Aim: to conduct a systematic literature review on dengue costs in Latin America, comparing study methodologies, disease costs and the economic impact of dengue in different countries. Methods: the literature search was carried out in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE/ PubMed, EMBASE and LILACS, for the period between 2004 and 2014. To make comparisons possible, the costs identified in the selected studies were converted to local currency values, adjusted to the consumer price index (2014) and converted to purchasing power parity (PPP). Results: 728 publications were identified in databases and 13 papers were selected for analysis. Nine of the thirteen studies were conducted from a societal perspective and three from a health system perspective. In most studies, indirect costs accounted for the largest percentage of total outpatient costs. In contrast, for hospitalized patients, direct medical costs showed the highest percentages. The economic impact of dengue was estimated at I$ 3.2 billion per year, ranging from I$ 1.4 to I$ 5.9 billion, when including the six sub-regions of the Americas. Conclusion: dengue represents a high cost for Latin American society and health system. Studies varied in terms of cost methodology (cost items included, such as direct medical and non-medical and indirect costs, and cost analysis) and the different epidemiological periods in which research was carried out (endemic and/or epidemic).

Óbito por dengue como evento sentinela para avaliação da qualidade da assistência: estudo de caso em dois municípios da Região Nordeste, Brasil, 2008 / Death from dengue fever as a sentinel event for evaluation of quality of healthcare: a case study in two municipalities in Northeast Brazil, 2008

Apesar dos meios para assistência adequada aos pacientes de dengue na rede de saúde, os índices de letalidade pela doença mantêm-se altos no Brasil. Visando a identificar implicações para ocorrência do óbito, este estudo avaliou a qualidade da assistência conforme grau de implantação das ações, qualidade técnico-científica da atenção e acesso aos serviços de saúde, em dois municípios do Nordeste do Brasil. Realizou-se pesquisa avaliativa, do tipo análise de implantação, tendo o óbito por dengue como evento sentinela da qualidade da assistência. Para avaliação do grau de implantação e qualidade da atenção, pontuaram-se os critérios das entrevistas e análise dos prontuários; para o acesso, procedeu-se à análise temática. Quanto à estrutura e ao processo, os serviços de saúde encontram-se parcialmente adequados (70 por cento). Não foram encontradas barreiras geográficas e econômicas que justificassem a ocorrência dos óbitos. A qualidade técnico-científica não alcançou a adequação nos municípios (46 por cento e 30 por cento) e nos serviços avaliados, observando-se insuficiência no manejo clínico da dengue nos serviços de saúde.

Despite the existing resources for adequate dengue patient care in the Brazilian healthcare system, the case-fatality rate for the disease is still high in the country. In order to identify factors associated with dengue-related death, this study evaluated quality of care according to the degree of implementation of specific measures, the technical and scientific quality of care, and access to health services in two municipalities (counties) in Northeast Brazil. An evaluative study of the implementation analysis type was performed, with death from dengue as the sentinel event for quality of care. To assess the degree of implementation and quality of care, the study scored the interview criteria and patient chart analysis; access was evaluated by thematic analysis. As for structure and process, the health services were found to be partially adequate (70 percent). No geographic or economic barriers were found to explain the occurrence of deaths. Technical and scientific quality failed to achieve adequate levels in the municipalities (46 percent and 30 percent) or in the specific services, and clinical management of dengue by the health services proved insufficient.

Avaliação do Subsistema Nacional de Vigilância Epidemiológica em Âmbito Hospitalar no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Evaluation of National Subsystem of Hospitalar Epidemiologic Surveillance in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

Objetivo: avaliar o grau de implantação dos Núcleos Hospitalares de Epidemiologia (NHE) da Rede de Hospitais de Referência no Estado de Pernambuco, analisando a adequação da classificação nos níveis I, II e III. Metodologia: uma avaliação normativados componentes Estrutura e Processo; a partir de uma matriz de julgamento, foi estabelecido o grau de implantação – satisfatório, aceitável, insatisfatório e crítico –; para avaliar a classificação dos hospitais, comparou-se a suas estruturas com os critérios da Portaria no 2.529/04. Resultados: o grau de implantação estava satisfatório em três núcleos, aceitável em um, insatisfatório em dois e crítico em um; quanto aos níveis I, II e III, apenas dois núcleos foram classificados corretamente. Conclusão: o estudo indica que, apesar dos avanços, ainda persistem dificuldades na coleta, análise e divulgação das informações; é necessário reavaliar a forma de classificação dos hospitais, para o repasse dos recursos; e investir em estratégias, para maior integração entre os NHE.

Objective: this study aims to evaluate the implantation degree of the Epidemiology Hospitals Nucleus (EHN) in the Network Reference Hospitals in Pernambuco, analyzing the adequacy of the classification at levels I, II, and III. Methodology: a normative components Structure and Process assessment was performed; based on a trial matrix, an implementation degree was established – satisfactory, acceptable, unsatisfactory and critical –; to evaluate the classification of hospitals, their structures were compared with the Ordinance no 2.529/04 criteria. Results: the implantation degree was satisfactory in three nucleuses, acceptable in one, unsatisfactory in two, and critical in one; considering the levels I, II, and III, only two nucleuses were classified correctly. Conclusion: despite the advances, the study shows still difficulties in the collection, analysis and dissemination of information; it is necessary to reassess the hospital´s classification for the resources distribution, and invest in strategies for greater integration between the EHN.

[Death from dengue fever as a sentinel event for evaluation of quality of healthcare: a case study in two municipalities in Northeast Brazil, 2008]. / Óbito por dengue como evento sentinela para avaliação da qualidade da assistência: estudo de caso em dois municípios da Região Nordeste, Brasil, 2008.

Despite the existing resources for adequate dengue patient care in the Brazilian healthcare system, the case-fatality rate for the disease is still high in the country. In order to identify factors associated with dengue-related death, this study evaluated quality of care according to the degree of implementation of specific measures, the technical and scientific quality of care, and access to health services in two municipalities (counties) in Northeast Brazil. An evaluative study of the implementation analysis type was performed, with death from dengue as the sentinel event for quality of care. To assess the degree of implementation and quality of care, the study scored the interview criteria and patient chart analysis; access was evaluated by thematic analysis. As for structure and process, the health services were found to be partially adequate (70%). No geographic or economic barriers were found to explain the occurrence of deaths. Technical and scientific quality failed to achieve adequate levels in the municipalities (46% and 30%) or in the specific services, and clinical management of dengue by the health services proved insufficient.